利用连续2年的田间试验，研究了不同氮肥管理措施（农民常规施肥、减氮20%、添加硝化抑制剂、施用控释肥）对黑土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明：（1）在农民习惯施氮量185 kg/hm2的水平上，减施氮肥20%不影响玉米籽粒产量和氮素吸收，氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力提高22.4%~29.2%和18.4%~22.3%。与习惯施肥处理相比，减施氮肥可显著降低土壤硝态氮含量，0～20、20～40、40～60和60～80 cm土层硝态氮含量降幅分别为14.3%~53.8%、13.0%~32.6%、17.9%~36.8%和13.7%~41.2%。减施氮肥显著降低了黑土玉米田氮素盈余量。（2）施氮量相同时，添加硝化抑制剂以及施用控释氮肥未显著增加玉米产量和氮素吸收量。同一施氮量下，添加硝化抑制剂有助于抑制的土壤硝化作用，添加双氰胺0~20和20~40 cm土层硝态氮含量分别下降45.7%和28.5%，添加2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶分别下降39.7%和21.8%。（3）综合评价玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮肥利用等因素，在制定黑土区玉米施肥方案时，应适当减少施氮量，并配合施用硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶，以促进农田生态系统中氮素高效利用和维持氮库基本平衡。
英文摘要:
Two year field experiments (2013 and 2014) were conducted to determine the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management (conventional fertilization, decreasing within 20% of the conventional N application rate, nitrification inhibitor and controlled release fertilizer) on maize yield and nitrogen utilization in black soil. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the conventional fertilization with higher rates of N fertilizer (185 kg N/ha), the grain yield and N uptake of maize had no significant change under the management of decreasing the N amendments to 20%, whereas N apparent utilization efficiency and N partial fertilizer productivity were increased by 22.4%~29.2% and 18.4%~22.3%, respectively. Compared with the treatment of conventional fertilization, the management of reduction of N amendment significantly decreased NO3--N contents in soil layers of 0~20, 20~40, 40~60 and 60~80 cm by 14.3%~53.8%, 13.0%~32.6%, 17.9%~36.8% and 13.7% ~41.2%, respectively. Reducing N application significantly reduced amounts of surplus nitrogen in black soil. (2) Under the same N application rate, the grain yield and N uptake of maize had no significant change by applying nitrification inhibitor and controlled release fertilizer. Compared with the treatment of urea alone, NO3--N contents in soil layers of 0~20 and 20~40 were decreased by 45.7% and 28.5% by applying dicyandiamide (DCD), while 39.7% and 21.8% by applying nitrapyrin under the same N application rate. (3) Based on yield, N uptake and N apparent utilization efficiency, considering the fertilization scheme of wheat，the optimum amount of decreasing N rate by 20% with nitrapyrin should be recommended so as to promote high use efficiency and keep the apparent nitrogen balance in black soil agro-ecosystem.
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