PNAS：遗传漂变反映了爱尔兰农业和冶金的起始

摘要 : 近日，在PNAS上一项研究发现古代DNA分析提示，大尺度的遗传变化与爱尔兰的新石器转变和青铜器时代同时出现，以农业出现为标志的转变性社会过程——新石器转变，被认为在大约公元前3750年在爱尔兰出现，但是这种转变究竟由来自近东的多波次移民农民引发，还是由当地的中石器时代居民采用农业而引发，这仍然不清楚。Daniel Bradley及其同事通过对提取自史前爱尔兰人的古代DNA的全基因组分析，探索了这个和其他文化分水岭的发展。

近日，在PNAS上一项研究发现古代dna分析提示，大尺度的遗传变化与爱尔兰的新石器转变和青铜器时代同时出现，以农业出现为标志的转变性社会过程——新石器转变，被认为在大约公元前3750年在爱尔兰出现，但是这种转变究竟由来自近东的多波次移民农民引发，还是由当地的中石器时代居民采用农业而引发，这仍然不清楚。Daniel Bradley及其同事通过对提取自史前爱尔兰人的古代DNA的全基因组分析，探索了这个和其他文化分水岭的发展。

尽管在贝尔法斯特附近Ballynahatty的一个墓的测定年代为公元前3343年到3020年的一名新石器女性农民的骨表现出了狩猎-采集祖先的痕迹，这些骨提示了来自近东的一个大型远系繁殖农民群体的血统，以及与现代地中海南部人群的单倍体型相似性。共同的遗传漂变的程度提示了农业可能走了南部沿海而非欧洲中部路线到达了爱尔兰。

在Antrim县的Rathlin岛的一个埋葬地点挖掘出的早期青铜器时代的3名男性的骨揭示出了来自黑海大草原的放牧人群的遗传贡献，以及与现代爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士人的单倍体型相似性。在这些Rathlin岛的骨中探测到了在今天的爱尔兰人中间富集的遗传变异，包括一个称为血色素沉着病或凯尔特人病的可能致命的铁络合病的等位基因，这提示这些基因型可能上溯到爱尔兰的青铜器时代。

原文链接：Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome

原文摘要：The Neolithic and Bronze Age transitions were profound cultural shifts catalyzed in parts of Europe by migrations, first of early farmers from the Near East and then Bronze Age herders from the Pontic Steppe. However, a decades-long, unresolved controversy is whether population change or cultural adoption occurred at the Atlantic edge, within the British Isles. We address this issue by using the first whole genome data from prehistoric Irish individuals. A Neolithic woman (3343–3020 cal BC) from a megalithic burial (10.3× coverage) possessed a genome of predominantly Near Eastern origin. She had some hunter–gatherer ancestry but belonged to a population of large effective size, suggesting a substantial influx of early farmers to the island. Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago.

DOI：10.1073/PNAS.1518445113

作者：阳光森林

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