PNAS:音乐课可以提升学习能力
一项最新研究表明,演奏乐器有助于人类的大脑发育。弹吉他或者吹长号的青少年,会拥有更强的语言能力。
美国西北大学的科学家们发现,高中的音乐训练可以促进青少年大脑对声音的应答,提高其听力和语言技能。高中音乐课能够对学习成绩产生很大的影响。这项研究发表在七月二十日的美国国家科学院院刊PNAS杂志上。
如今人们在幼儿教育中越来越重视音乐熏陶所起的作用,甚至在怀孕时期妈妈就给自己的小胎儿放音乐听。然而高中阶段的音乐课却在很大程度上被忽视,当学校经费紧张的时候音乐项目是最先被砍掉的,当教学压力大的时候音乐课是最容易被取消的。“我们的研究结果强调了高中阶段音乐课程的重要性,”文章资深作者,西北大学的Nina Kraus说。
“虽然演奏音乐看起来和绝大多数职业没什么关系,但音乐可以帮助青少年学会怎样去学习,”Kraus补充道。
研究人员招募了芝加哥地区的40名高中新生,他们都来自低收入社区的同类型学校。研究人员对这些学生进行了跟踪研究直至其毕业。约有一半学生加入了学校乐队,开始学习人生中第一件乐器。他们每周花两到三小时在学校接受音乐训练。剩下的学生在相应阶段加入了初级预备役军官训练团(ROTC),主要进行体育锻炼。
研究显示,在大脑对声音的应答方面,参加乐团的学生成熟得更快。而且他们的大脑一直对声音细节表现出高度的敏感性。经过三年的学习,所有学生的语言技能都得到了提高。但与ROTC团员相比,乐团成员的进步明显更大。
研究人员指出,随着孩子慢慢长大,他们学习新知识(尤其是学习语言)的能力会逐渐下降。而音乐训练可以延长孩子们吸收知识的黄金期,促进大脑发育并且提高其语言技能。
推荐原文:Music training alters the course of adolescent auditory development
Fundamental changes in brain structure and function during adolescence are well-characterized, but the extent to which experience modulates adolescent neurodevelopment is not. Musical experience provides an ideal case for examining this question because the influence of music training begun early in Life is well-known. We investigated the effects of in-school music training, previously shown to enhance auditory skills, versus another in-school training program that did not focus on development of auditory skills (active control). We tested adolescents on neural responses to sound and language skills before they entered high school (pretraining) and again 3 y later. Here, we show that in-school music training begun in high school prolongs the stability of subcortical sound processing and accelerates maturation of cortical auditory responses. Although phonological processing improved in both the music training and active control groups, the enhancement was greater in adolescents who underwent music training. Thus, music training initiated as late as adolescence can enhance neural processing of sound and confer benefits for language skills. These results establish the potential for experience-driven brain plasticity during adolescence and demonstrate that in-school programs can engender these changes.
作者:秩名