钾是玉米生长必需的营养元素之一,施用钾肥是保障玉米高产稳产的重要措施。本研究采用盆栽试验,研究了四种不同钾肥(常规氯化钾、常规硫酸钾、晶体氯化钾和硫酸钾镁)对风砂土钾素动态变化及玉米生长的影响。结果表明,四种钾肥的施入均显著提高土壤水溶性钾、交换性钾、速效钾、缓效钾及沸硝酸钾的含量。其中,土壤水溶性钾、交换性钾、速效钾和沸硝酸钾含量均在施肥后12 d达到峰值,而土壤缓效钾在第15 d达到峰值。随着玉米拔节期的快速生长和对土壤钾素的吸收消耗,土壤速效钾含量在施肥后40～60 d快速下降,而后土壤缓效钾大量释放转化为速效钾(主要为交换性钾),使其含量在60～70 d显著上升。四种钾肥之间玉米六叶期的植株生长存在显著差异,以硫酸钾和硫酸钾镁的茎粗最高,而成熟期不同钾肥品种间玉米的农艺性状和产量则无显著影响。相比其他钾肥品种,硫酸钾处理的植株吸钾量显著更高,钾肥回收利用率也最高,达到35.3%。综上,四种钾肥品种施用后均迅速提高了风砂土不同形态钾素含量并维持了玉米生育期内的钾素需求,不同钾肥品种对玉米生长发育和产量的影响差异较小,综合植株钾素吸收与利用状况考虑,常规硫酸钾的效果略优于其他三种钾肥。
英文摘要:
Potassium is an essential nutrient for maize growth, and the application of potash fertilizer is a necessary means to ensure high and stable yield of maize. In this research, the effect of potash fertilizers (potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, crystal potassium chloride and potassium magnesium sulfate) on soil potassium dynamic change and maize growth in Aeolian sandy soil were investigated by pot experiments. The results showed that the contents of soil water-soluble potassium, exchangeable potassium, available potassium, slow-available potassium and azeonitric potassium were significantly increased by applying four potash fertilizers. All of them reached their peak values at 12th days after fertilization except the contents of slow-available potassium, which reached the peak values at 15th days after fertilization. With the rapid growth of maize at jointing stage and the absorption and consumption of potassium in soil, the content of available potassium in soil decreased rapidly at 40th～60th days after fertilization, and then the slow-acting potassium in soil was released into available potassium (mainly exchangeable potassium), which increased significantly at 60th-70th days. There were significant differences in plant growth among the four potash fertilizers at the six-leaf stage, and the stem diameter of potassium sulfate and potassium magnesium sulfate were higher than the other two potash fertilizers. But, the agronomic traits and yield of maize among different potash fertilizers at the mature stage had no significant effect. Compared with other potash fertilizers, potassium uptake of plants and the recovery rate of potassium fertilizer (reaching 35.3%) treated with potassium sulfate were the highest. In summary, four potash fertilizers have rapidly increased the content of different forms of potassium in Aeolian sandy soil and maintained the potassium demand during the growth period of maize. The effects of different potash fertilizers on maize growth and yield are slightly different. Considering the situation of plant potassium absorption and utilization, the effect of potassium sulfate is slightly better than the other three potash fertilizers.
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