董宛麟1,2,于航3,张立祯1,王旗1,张悦1,王若楠1,段玉4,赵沛义4,孙志刚5
垄膜沟植抑制土壤蒸发,促进作物生长发育,对降低作物生育期内因降水分布不均引起的干旱风险十分有利。本研究的目的定量化分析双垄沟和地膜覆盖度对玉米根系土壤水分分配和耗水量的影响,及玉米水分利用效率的影响。试验设置双垄沟全覆膜(DRF100)、双垄沟半覆膜(DRF58)、双垄沟不覆膜(DRF0)和平作不覆膜(NRF)4个处理。田间试验于2013-2014年分别在吉林双阳和内蒙古赤峰同时进行。结果表明,与平作不覆膜(NRF)相比较,双垄沟不覆膜(DRF0)没有提高出苗前玉米根系0-20 cm土壤含水量,双垄沟覆膜(DRF100和DRF58)提高了5%,尤其是玉米种子处0-10 cm土壤水分含量,提高了8%。但作为对根区土壤水分的补偿,覆膜降低了大垄和小垄相应位置的土壤水分含量。DRF0没有使玉米最大日耗水量提前,覆膜处理是其提前了10 d。最大日平均耗水量出现在花期阶段。双垄沟处理(DRF100、DRF58和DRF0)没有降低最大日平均耗水量,但提高了单位日平均耗水量所生产的干物质。DRF0提高了18%玉米产量的水分利用效率和10%干物质的水分利用效率,覆膜进一步分别提高了19%和13%。双垄沟处理的这种效应在少雨年份(2014年)尤为明显,比多雨年份(2013年)提高了10%的产量水分利用效率。双垄沟处理可以有效规避作物生长发育过程中由于降水分布不均引起的干旱风险,确保作物高产稳产。
英文摘要:
Ridge-furrow tillage and plastic film cover restrains soil evaporation and promotes crop growth development, which is important to reduce drought risk caused by undisturbed rainfall during crop growth stage. This study aimed to quantify the effects of double ridge-furrow tillage and film cover on maize soil moisture distribution, water consumption and water use efficiency. Field experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014 in Shuangyang, Jilin province and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, northeast China. Four treatments were used. There were double ridge-furrow with full film cover (DRF100), double ridge-furrow with 58% film cover (DRF58), double ridge-furrow without film cover (DRF0), and flat-planting without film cover (NRF). Compared to NRF, double ridge-furrow without film cover (DRF0) did not improve soil moisture of maize seeds before emergency, while double ridge-furrow with film cover（DRF100 and DRF58） did. As a compensation for soil moisture of root area, double ridge-furrow with film cover film cover reduced soil moisture of the corresponding position of wide ridge and narrow ridge. DRF0 did not promote maize daily water consumption, while DRF100 and DRF58 promoted 10 d of daily water consumption. Maximum daily average water consumption was in maize blooming stage. Double ridge-furrow treatments (DRF100, DRF58 and DRF0)did not decrease maize daily average water consumption, while increase the dry matter per unit daily average water consumption. DRF0 increased 18% yield water use efficiency and 10% biomass water use efficiency, and film cover (DRF100 and DRF58) further increased 19% and 13%, respectively. The effects of ridge-furrow and film cover were greater in less rainfall year (2014). The double ridge-furrow treatments increased 10% maize yield water use efficiency than that in more rainfall year (2013). Those are beneficial to avoid drought risk due to the uneven distribution of precipitation during crop development, further to achieve high and stable yield.
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