PNAS:现代饮食与消化道微生物组组成
美国明尼苏达大学一项研究提出，缺乏植物纤维的现代西方饮食可能与人类消化道微生物组的不平衡以及多样性减少有关。富含脂肪、糖和动物蛋白的典型的西方饮食常常缺乏来源于植物的纤维，这类饮食被认为破坏了人类消化道微生物的精妙的平衡。为了探索饮食对消化道微生物组的效应，Dan Knights及其同事对提取自动物园、保护区和自然环境中——它们分别代表了捕获、半捕获和野生环境——生活的两种灵长类物种的大便样本的DNA进行了测序，这两种灵长类物种分别是白臀叶猴和鬃毛吼猴。尽管在距离遥远的东南亚和美国的动物园中使用极为不同的饮食饲养，被捕获的灵长类与野生个体不同，前者表现出了与现代人类类似的消化道微生物组组成，包括普雷沃氏菌属和拟杆菌属物种占主导地位。与动物园饲养的同种灵长类相比，用野生灵长类可以吃到的一些植物组成的植物食谱来喂养保护区饲养的灵长类动物后，它们表现出了中等程度的微生物组多样性和破坏。此外，微生物组破坏与饮食纤维含量的变化显著相关，但是与诸如地理位置和抗生素使用等因素不相关，这提示饮食在很大程度上影响捕获的灵长类的微生物组组成。这组作者说，这些发现强调了在富含纤维的饮食与消化道微生物组多样性之间的联系。
原文链接：
Captivity humanizes the primate microbiome
原文摘要：
The primate gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria, whose composition is associated with numerous metabolic, autoimmune, and infectious human diseases. Although there is increasing evidence that modern and westernized societies are associated with dramatic loss of natural human gut microbiome diversity, the causes and consequences of such loss are challenging to study. Here we use nonhuman primates (NHPs) as a model system for studying the effects of emigration and lifestyle disruption on the human gut microbiome. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in two model NHP species, we show that although different primate species have distinctive sigNature microbiota in the wild, in captivity they lose their native microbes and become colonized with Prevotella and Bacteroides, the dominant genera in the modern human gut microbiome. We confirm that captive individuals from eight other NHP species in a different zoo show the same pattern of convergence, and that semicaptive primates housed in a sanctuary represent an intermediate microbiome state between wild and captive. Using deep shotgun sequencing, chemical dietary analysis, and chloroplast relative abundance, we show that decreasing dietary fiber and plant content are associated with the captive primate microbiome. Finally, in a meta-analysis including published human data, we show that captivity has a parallel effect on the NHP gut microbiome to that of Westernization in humans. These results demonstrate that captivity and lifestyle disruption cause primates to lose native microbiota and converge along an axis toward the modern human microbiome.
作者：Jonathan Clayton
